NUCLEAR PROLIFERATIONDiscoveries in Phases of Uranium Oxide Advance Nuclear Nonproliferation

The word “exotic” may not spark thoughts of uranium, but Tyler Spano’s investigations of exotic phases of uranium are bringing new knowledge to the nuclear nonproliferation industry.

Spano, a nuclear security scientist at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and her colleagues examined four previously understudied phases of uranium oxide: beta (β-), delta (δ-), epsilon UO₃ (ε-UO₃) and beta U₃O₈ (β-U₃O₈). Each phase has a unique signature that can reveal when something out of the ordinary happened to lead to its creation, helping organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency draw safeguards conclusion on whether it is misuse of nuclear material.

“There are still unanswered questions, and we are trying to clarify these long-standing questions in literature,” said Spano.

Many uranium oxide phases were identified decades ago but had remained loosely understood. The α phase of U₃O₈, for example, is common, but the β phase is formed under unusual conditions.

Spano focused on the little-known world of uranium oxide phases during her postdoctoral work at ORNL. To her knowledge, no one was working on identifying β, δ, or ε phases, she said. “I focused on these three because they’re more exotic.” Her findings for β-UO₃, δ-UO₃ and ε-UO₃ , have recently been published. In collaboration with Andrew Miskowiec, group leader for Materials and Chemistry at ORNL, Spano also helped to publish, for the first time, the Raman spectrum of β-U₃O₈.

While many scientists may be interested in uranium oxide phases, conducting experiments with radiological material requires special precautions and dedicated instrumentation for materials analysis — areas in which ORNL excels. The uranium oxides are common byproducts of uranium processing; this knowledge will help the nonproliferation community develop better tools to understand these materials. 

Spano and her colleagues used several analytical methods to observe uranium oxides under different conditions. X-ray diffraction helped them identify the chemical phase of materials. Optical vibrational spectroscopic techniques, such as Raman and infrared, enabled them to observe the chemical structure on shorter length scales, which can be used to identify small quantities of these materials.

“The way UO₃ moves through the exotic phases is a little unusual,” said Miskowiec. “My team is working on the foundational science to be able to identify these materials if we observe them in the real world and to understand the unusual conditions that led to how they were formed.”

The discoveries from this research also support science beyond national security missions. The detailed knowledge of the structure of this phase is useful in understanding the material’s physical properties and performing reaction rate measurements. Eventually, these results could lead to new, technologically important, applications for ε-UO3.

Miskowiec’s team will continue to explore new ways to catalog materials used in the nuclear fuel cycle. For example, the mysterious amorphous phase of UO₃ doesn’t have long-range crystallographic order. As a result, the structure can’t be examined using X-ray diffraction, but information can still be obtained from the Raman spectrum.

“Some of these compounds are made from specific processes, which gives us a very specific piece of information,” said Miskowiec. “It’s not only important to identify the compound, but also to have an understanding of its formation conditions.”