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A new early Miocene bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Panama confirms middle Cenozoic chiropteran dispersal between the Americas

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Abstract

Fossils of an insectivorous bat from the early Miocene of Panama are described as a new genus and species, Americanycteris cyrtodon (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae: Phyllostominae). Americanycteris is a large phyllostomine bat, similar in size to the living species Chrotopterus auritus. Americanycteris cyrtodon can be distinguished from other closely related species by a posteriorly curved p4 and a thick labial cingulum on m1. Americanycteris cyrtodon occurs in two early Miocene vertebrate faunas from Panama. The holotype mandible with p4–m1 and an isolated p3 of A. cyrtodon were recovered from the early Hemingfordian (19–18 Ma) Centenario Fauna, and a mandible with p2 was found in the older late Arikareean (21 Ma) Lirio Norte Local Fauna. A similar large phyllostomine bat is known from the early Miocene Gran Barranca Fauna in Argentina. The presence of early Miocene phyllostomids in both North America and South America confirms the overwater dispersal of bats between the Americas before the late Miocene onset of the Great American Biotic Interchange. Pre-late Miocene chiropteran dispersals between the Americas were previously documented for the Emballonuridae and Molossidae. Although the five endemic New World families in the Noctilionoidea, including Phyllostomidae, were previously thought to be South American in origin, the oldest fossil records of noctilionoids (Mormoopidae and extinct Speonycteridae) are from the early Oligocene of Florida and one of the earliest records of the Phyllostomidae is from the early Miocene of Panama. The currently available fossil records from Panama and Florida suggest a possible North American origin for the Noctilionoidea.

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All of our data are presented in this paper. All fossil specimens described are available for study in the UF/FLMNH vertebrate paleontology collection.

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Acknowledgements

Numerous people have assisted us in the field and in the laboratory work that led to the discovery of the bat fossils described here. The holotype mandible of Americanycteris cyrtodon was discovered by a coauthor of this paper (AFR), the mandible from Lirio Norte was found by M. C. Vallejo-Pareja, and the isolated tooth from Hodges Hill was recovered from screenwashing concentrate by J. Velez-Juarbe. J. Bourque skillfully prepared the holotype mandible of A. cyrtodon in the fossil preparation laboratory at the Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida. U. Denetclaw, I. Cannon, and A. Poyer helped with screenwashing that led to the discovery of many important specimens of Miocene small vertebrates from Panama. We are grateful to the staff of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute for assistance with logistics in conducting fieldwork in Panama, in particular C. Jaramillo and L. Londoño. We thank the Panama Canal Authority and the Ministerio de Comercio e Industria for permits and access to fossil sites along the Panama Canal. P. Morse of the Florida Museum of Natural History took the micro-CT scans of the bat mandibles. R. Burkhalter of the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, assisted with digital photography of the bat specimens. This research was supported by a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation, Partnerships in International Research and Education Program–PIRE (grant 0966884; OISE, EAR, DRL). We dedicate this paper to the memory of our friend and colleague Gregg Gunnell in honor of his outstanding contributions to our knowledge of chiropteran paleontology.

Funding

Funding provided by a grant to BJM, JIB, and GSM from the U.S. National Science Foundation, Partnerships in International Research and Education Program (grant 0966884; OISE, EAR, DRL).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque, NM, 87104, USA

    Gary S. Morgan

  2. Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73072, USA

    Nicholas J. Czaplewski

  3. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    Aldo F. Rincon, Jonathan I. Bloch & Bruce J. MacFadden

  4. Departamento de Física y Geociencias, Universidad del Norte, Km 5 Vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia

    Aldo F. Rincon

  5. Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Aaron R. Wood

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Contributions

GSM, AFR, JIB, ARW, and BJM participated in field work that resulted in the collection of the fossil specimens described. All authors contributed to the study conception and design, data collection, and analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by GSM and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gary S. Morgan.

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Morgan, G.S., Czaplewski, N.J., Rincon, A.F. et al. A new early Miocene bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Panama confirms middle Cenozoic chiropteran dispersal between the Americas. J Mammal Evol 30, 963–993 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-023-09690-4

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