Abstract
Besides direct mortality, wind farms also affect aerial fauna by modifying their communities, reducing species diversity and richness through disturbance. During three consecutive years, we used mist nets and acoustic recorders, and conducted carcass searches, to characterize the assemblage of bat species and to estimate bat mortality at two nearby wind farms sited <5 km apart in a highly biodiverse region. We asked whether the diversity, richness and evenness of the assemblages varied yearly, predicting it would decrease through time. Richness and evenness did not change, but the diversity of species recorded acoustically, 96% being aerial insectivores, was significantly lower the third year. We estimate 4 – 15.7 fatalities/MW/year by wind farm, with 63% of species found as carcasses being aerial insectivores. We found >40% of dissimilarity in the species composition of bat assemblages between wind farms despite the short distance between them, with species turnover accounting for more than half of the dissimilarity every year. Similarly, species turnover accounted for >15% of the dissimilarity in the composition of the assemblage of live bats (captured and recorded acoustically) and the assemblage obtained through carcass searches. Our findings suggest that nearby wind farms impact bat communities differentially and aerial insectivores disproportionally. Long term, multi-method surveys are needed to characterize bat communities in highly diverse regions and to evaluate the post-construction effects that wind farms have on them.
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Data availability
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
We want to thank Dr. Antonio Guillén for his help identifying some species from acoustic recordings. Guillermo Rodriguez Aguilar shared his observation of bat roosts in Santo Domingo Ingenio, Oaxaca. Christian Alavez contributed with valuable comments on bat taxonomy. César Gallo helped with the study area figure. Guillermo Rodríguez Aguilar and José Domingo Cú Vizcarra processed acoustic recordings and identified calls to species. Special thanks two anonymous reviewers who helped improve this manuscript and to the many searchers without whom this work would not have been possible (italics indicate searchers that participated in previous studies, see main text): Alex Coronel, Alma Patricia Degante González, Angela Marlene Soto Calderón, Ana Ramírez, Anayani Rivera, Aressia García, Carlos Corona, Citlalli Fernández Reyes, Delfino Santiago, Dulce Santiago, Fátima del Carmen García Salinas, Griselda Jorge, Isabel García, Israel Lozano, Jazmín Ramírez Ramírez, Jonathan Sulvararan, José Luis Ponce, Mariana Del Valle, Martha Santiago, Mauricio Rodríguez Vázquez, Miguel Demeneghi, Miriam Escobar, Paola Figueroa Islas, Roberto Rodríguez, Tereso Hernández, Víctor López, William Ramos Arreola.
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José Luis Aguilar López and Sergio A. Cabrera-Cruz designed this manuscript and contributed equally to its development. Material preparation and analysis were performed by José Luis Aguilar López, Marco T. Oropeza-Sánchez, Pedro A. Aguilar-Rodríguez, and Sergio A. Cabrera-Cruz. Rafael Villegas Patraca and Oscar Muñoz Jiménez conceived and coordinated data collection. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sergio A. Cabrera-Cruz with input from José Luis Aguilar López. All authors commented early versions of the manuscript and approved its final form.
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RVP and OMJ were responsible for the post-construction surveys at NWF and SWF during the period of this study. SACC, JLAL, RVP and OMJ current affiliation is with the institution in charge of conducting the surveys and declare no other interests. PAAR and MTOS declare they have no interests to disclose. Actual wind farm names not disclosed due to privacy reasons.
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Cabrera-Cruz, S.A., Aguilar López, J.L., Aguilar-Rodríguez, P.A. et al. Changes in diversity and species composition in the assemblage of live and dead bats at wind farms in a highly diverse region. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1480 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12090-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12090-z